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As quantum computing advances, preparing communications infrastructure for future cryptographic threats is becoming increasingly important. We begin by introducing the foundations of quantum-safe communications, exploring the complementary roles of quantum key distribution (QKD) and post-quantum cryptography (PQC), and the challenges of integrating these technologies into existing networks.

We then turn to Singapore’s National Quantum-Safe Network (NQSN) Testbed to examine how these approaches come together in practice. Built on production-grade fibre infrastructure with a star-mesh topology, the testbed brings together multiple QKD protocols, PQC, and applications from diverse vendors. A centralised key and network management system supports integration across these heterogeneous technologies, providing a platform for both research and the evaluation of practical deployment architectures.

Through research activities supported by the testbed and a range of reference applications, we explore how quantum-safe technologies can operate across different network layers and settings. Examples include secure data-centre interconnects, edge computing, hybrid QKD–PQC encryption, and multi-layer integration across the OSI stack. These activities allow us to investigate interoperability and assess deployment approaches under practical network conditions.

Building on this experience, we discuss recent NQSN standardisation initiatives in Singapore and internationally, highlighting how research and deployment experience can inform common interfaces and support broader adoption. Together, these developments offer practical insights into building interoperable quantum-safe networks and advancing the transition towards quantum-safe communications.